This article explain unsuccessful Iranian intellectuals' attempts in the fields of thoughts and politics through surveying ideas of Ehsan Tabari and Jalal Ale-Ahmad. It tries to show that theirs ideas have been under hegemony of political formalism; so their naïve attitudes has converted their thought to an ideology which serve to political aims based on a political formalism.

Research on judicial independence will subconsciously lead us to the question of how a judge, as the agent of the political system, can remain independent of this system. To what extent does the interest between the judge and the political system require the judge to follow the decisions of the political system? In this article, while expressing the authority of the judge and the judge's employment relationship with the judiciary as one of the three pillars of the nation-state as the reasons for the judge's dependence on the political system, the law and legal rules are mentioned as two-edged razor blades. It is reminiscent of the judge's dependence and the means of declaring her independence from the political system. By stating the specific nature of judicial action and distinguishing it from other actions of system agents, as well as distinguishing the behavior of agents of the political system with its whole, the way to balance for judges in protecting their independence is stated. Finally, the use of interpretive jurisdiction as well as the rule of law is the best way to balance the judge's relationship with the political system.

Background: Stigmatizing attitudes toward persons with mental disorders is a well-established and global phenomenon often leading to discrimination and social exclusion. Although previous research in the United States showed that conservative ideology has been related to stigmatizing attitudes toward mental disorders, there is reason to believe that this mechanism plays a different role in the context of a universal welfare state with a multi-party system such as Sweden. Furthermore, “ mental disorders” may signify severe psychotic disorders, which may evoke more negative attitudes. This suggests the importance of specific studies focusing on the more common phenomenon of depression. This paper investigates the relationship between political ideology and stigmatizing attitudes toward depression in Sweden. Methods: This study is part of the New Ways research program. Data were collected by the Laboratory of Opinion Research (LORE) at the University of Gothenburg in 2014 (N = 3246). Independent variables were political ideology and party affiliation. The dependent variable was the Depression Stigma Scale (DSS). Data were analyzed with linear regression analyses and analyses of variance. Results: More conservative ideology (B = 0. 68, standard error [SE] = 0. 04, P <. 001) and more conservative party affiliation (F(8 2920) = 38. 45, P <. 001) showed more stigmatizing attitudes toward depression. Item-level analyses revealed a difference where the supporters of the conservative party differed (P <. 05) from supporters of the liberal party, with a higher proportion agreeing that “ people could snap out of ” depression if they wanted to; the populist right-wing party differed from the conservative party with a higher proportion agreeing on items displaying people with depression as “ dangerous” and “ unpredictable. ” Even self-stigma was highest among the populist right-wing party with 22. 3% agreeing that “ if I had depression I wouldn’ t tell… . ” Conclusion: political ideology was associated with stigmatizing attitudes toward depression in Sweden. The results also confirm the need to distinguish between different forms of conservatism by observing social distance as being a more important driver among voters for the populist right-wing party compared with personal agency and responsibility among voters for the more traditional conservative party.

Translation of political texts, more often than not, involves something more than a mere transference of the facts. Just as the author of a political text intends to convey his/her commissioner's ideology to the reader and disseminate his view, the translator may use the chance, cultivating another preferred ideology in the text during the process of translation, which generally tends to alter the initial ideology. The issue proves particularly significant when. the text is a piece of news, relating to critical ideologies, translated only to be broadcasted to the public.This study sought to scrutinize the impact of the dominant ideology on translation of political media news through critical discourse analysis. The study first presented an introduction to the critical issues of ideology, media, and translation. After reviewing the specified framework as well as listing the manipulation strategies identified so far, the strategies were traced in a collection of translated pieces of political news, relating to the state's either communal or opposite ideologies, translated by Iranian governmental agencies.Upon analyzing the data, the most working strategies, as well as two new ones, were identified; a pattern of manipulation was detected as being visible in all translated pieces of news; and the translators' treatment dealing with various ideologically significant parts was explained.

Auditor’, s judgment is one of the most important issues affecting the audit and decision making of financial information users. Various studies have been conducted on the factors affecting the auditor's professional judgment and professional commitment, most of which have examined the effect of the auditor's personal and ethical characteristics. In this research, the influence of political orientation as a social variable and professional commitment on auditors professional judgment as well as the impact of political orientation on auditors professional commitment have been examined. The information required for this study was collected through a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 270 questionnaires completed by auditors who are working in audit firms being a member of Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants and Audit organization of Iran. The results of this study indicate that auditors' political orientation influences their professional judgment and professional commitment. Also, Professional commitment has an impact on the professional judgment of the auditor.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between conservative political ideology and the selection of fair value based accounting procedures. The theoretical foundations of the present study have been collected through library studies and instrumentation for data collection is questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of experts, accounting directors and financial managers working in companies listed on the stock exchange. The research hypotheses were analyzed using data collected from 215 questionnaires and tested based on correlation method and through multivariate regression. The results show that conservative political ideology has a negative and significant relationship with determining the fair value of fixed assets according to the management of the business unit, however, the relationship between conservative political ideology and the determination of the fair value of fixed assets according to the value of similar items is direct and meaningful. Evidence also shows that as education levels increase, the use of management opinion in determining fair value increases.

The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of political power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.

The development of domestic legal systems has been the result of the development of national governments, which itself is the result of the interaction of power and interests. In the international legal order, the situation is almost the same, with the difference that the relationship between power and interests in the international legal order is more unclear and ambiguous than domestic law, due to the fact that the political order governing the international community It has less unity and integrity than domestic political systems. This is why international organizations, treaties, international dispute resolution, security systems, including disarmament, etc. have emerged. In this article, the question is that, using the teachings of the radical critical approach about dialectical materialism in political speech, in the dialectical conflict between the legal matter and the political matter, the criticism of the conceptual position of international law in the current international order Is it ideological or not? The ideological nature of international law is, on the one hand, a result of the dominance of the Westphalian national governments, and on the other hand, a result of the final victory of the political in the dialectic between the legal and the political.

political training strengthens and deepens a person's insight and attitude and integrates him into an authentic person, capable of gaining independent political insight, knowledgeable, and influential in local, regional, and global political stances. Since political training is one of the essential and basic concepts and determinant mechanisms involved in the political behavior of the citizens of a society, addressing this issue is vital. Martyr Soleimani's school, now considered a model, takes inspiration from influential models and prototypes like Islamic figures, the Quran, Nahj al-Balagheh, and certainly Imam Khomeini and Imam Khamenei's school, while maintaining its' own identity and distinctiveness. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to identify the model that Martyr Soleimani followed for his political training and to answer the question of what model Martyr Soleimani pursued in the course of his political training. The present article has investigated and explained the model of political training in Martyr Soleimani School in four levels of litany, experiential, discourse, and mythological analysis by descriptive and analytical methods using library sources and the model of layered analysis of causes. The results of the study, which was carried out with careful investigation of martyr Soleimani's speeches and testament besides his views, indicate that the most explicit and most comprehensive issues in the field of ideological, cultural, and political areas, especially the subject of his political training, was influenced by the Imam Ali's (PBUH) great work,Nahj al-Balagheh, in his sermons, letters, and words.